Non-invasive Modulation of Deep Brain Nuclei by Temporal Interference Stimulation
Long Li1,2 · Hao Bai3 · Linyan Wu4 · Liang Zheng1,2 · Liang Huang1,2 · Yang Li1,2 · Wenlong Zhang1,2 · Jue Wang1,2 · Shunnan Ge3 · Yan Qu3 · Tian Liu1,21 The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Health and Rehabilitation Science, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
2 The Key Laboratory of Neuro-informatics and Rehabilitation Engineering of the Ministry of Civil Afairs, Xi’an 710049, China
3 Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an 710038, China
4 School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
Abstract
Temporal interference (TI) is a form of stimulation that epitomizes an innovative and non-invasive approach for profound neuromodulation of the brain, a technique that has been validated in mice. Yet, the thin cranial bone structure of mice has a marginal influence on the effect of the TI technique and may not effectively showcase its effectiveness in larger animals. Based on this, we carried out TI stimulation experiments on rats. Following the TI intervention, analysis of electrophysiological data and immunofluorescence staining indicated the generation of a stimulation focus within the nucleus accumbens (depth, 8.5 mm) in rats. Our findings affirm the viability of the TI methodology in the presence of thick cranial bones, furnishing efficacious parameters for profound stimulation with TI administered under such conditions. This experiment not only sheds light on the intervention effects of TI deep in the brain but also furnishes robust evidence in support of its prospective clinical utility.
Keywords
Temporal interference; Noninvasive brain stimulation; Finite element simulation; Local feld potentials; c-Fos
